Arrays

Introduction to arrays

An array is a representation of an iterable list of data.

So far, we’ve been using single values stored in a variable:

	let colour1 = "red";
	let colour2 = "pink";
	let colour3 = "yellow";

Arrays are used to represent any categorical information. In this example, each variable belongs to the category colour.

Arrays are written using square brackets, separating each item with a comma ,.

Since an array is expected to store multiple items, we use the plural form when naming them as variables:

	let colours = ["red", "pink", "yellow"];

An empty array is simply represented by a pair of square brackets with nothing between:

	let colours = [];

Arrays can be used to store any type of value in any combination.

Here is an array of numbers:

	let numbers = [6, 54, 17, 108];

Here is an array of booleans:

	let booleans = [true, false, false, true];

They can also hold different types of values:

	let mixedValues = ["blue", 17, false, 108, null];

Counting items in an array using length

Previously we saw how to get the total number of characters in a string using the length property.

We can use the same property to get the number of items in the array:

	let colours = ["red", "pink", "yellow"];
	let numberOfColours = colours.length;
	console.log(numberOfColours);
	// 3

Updating an array

Often we need to update arrays in response to user actions or the arrival of new information.

It would be time-consuming to write out the entire array each time we need to change it, so instead, we use Array prototype methods designed to make this process easier.

Adding items to the end of an array using Array.push()

We can add new items to the end of an array using the push() method.

	// here is the empty array
	let myArray = [];
	
	// its length will be 0 as there are no items in it
	console.log(myArray.length);
	// 0
	
	// let's add a number to the array
	myArray.push(19);
	
	// now the length will be 1
	console.log(myArray.length);
	// 1
	
	console.log(myArray);
	// [19]
	
	myArray.push(99);
	// [19, 99]

Let’s add colour to the colours array:

	let colours = ["red", "pink", "yellow"];
	
	// add purple to the colours array
	colours.push("purple");
	
	// now colours includes purple
	console.log(colours);
	// ["red", "pink", "yellow", "purple"]
	
	// now the length property will be 4
	console.log(colours.length);
	// 4

Adding items to the beginning of an array using Array.unshift()

Sometimes a new item should be added to the start rather than the end of an array.

Although less commonly used than Array.push(), unshift can be a useful way to update an array.

For example, here is a list of the newest blog posts:

	let posts = ["I travelled to...", "Dear diary...", "My favourite sport is..."];
	
	let newPost = "Today I wrote a blog post";
	
	posts.unshift(newPost);
	// posts === ['Today I wrote a blog post', 'I travelled to...', 'Dear diary...', 'My favourite sport is...'];

Removing items from an array using Array.pop()

You can remove an item from the end of an array by using the pop array prototype method.

This function takes the last element of the array and removes it from the collection:

	let example = [1, 2, 3, 4];
	let lastItem = example.pop();
	// lastItem === 4
	// example = [1, 2, 3]

Think of pop as the opposite of push.

Removing items from an array using Array.shift()

Likewise, you can remove an item from the beginning of an array by using the shift array prototype method.

This function takes the first element of the array and removes it from the collection.

	let example = [1, 2, 3, 4];
	let fistItem = example.shift();
	// fistItem === 1
	// example = [2, 3, 4]

Think of shift as the opposite to unshift.

Accessing items in arrays

We can access items inside an array using the index of the item.

The index is the position of the item in the array. The first item in the array is at position 0.

If it seems confusing to start counting from zero, think of index as the ‘number of positions you need to move’ in order to reach your item. If your item is the first in an array, you don’t need to move at all, hence 0. If your item is second in the list, you need to move the pointer by one place, and so on. For this reason, some people use the word offset to refer to an index.

We use square brackets to access an item by its index:

	let colours = ["red", "pink", "yellow"];
	
	let firstItem = colours[0];
	// red
	
	let thirdItem = colours[2];
	// yellow

We can use a for loop to access every item in an array.

Because the first item in an array is at index 0, our counter variable will begin at 0, and we will execute the loop only while the counter variable is less than the number of items in the array.

	let colours = ["red", "pink", "yellow"];
	
	for (let i = 0; i < colours.length; i++) {
	  let col = colours[i];
	  console.log(col);
	}
	// red
	// pink
	// yellow

Level 2 Content

The following content will not be examined in the assessments for this module. Please continue below if you are comfortable with the lessons taught in this lesson.

Array Prototype Methods

Since an array is a special data type, some unique functions are built into JavaScript to help access its contents. Fundamentally, these all use a for loop to perform a common task such as filtering, sorting, searching or transposing a list.

📄 DOCUMENTATION

Here you can find the full list of array methods: MDN docs.

Array.forEach()

The forEach array prototype method is another way to loop or iterate over an array. The inside of the function is like the inside of a for-loop. The first value is a list item, and the second is that item’s numerical position in the array (called index or offset).

	let colours = ["red", "pink", "yellow"];
	
	colours.forEach(function (colour, index) {
	  console.log(colour, index);
	});

This is the same as the example above, using a for loop:

	let colours = ["red", "pink", "yellow"];
	
	for (let index = 0; index < colours.length; index++) {
	  let colour = colours[i];
	  console.log(colour, index);
	}

Array.find()

There is also a specialised method to find an item from within an array. In order to find an item, you must provide a valid find function that will return a boolean based on whether each item fits your search criteria:

	let colours = ["red", "pink", "yellow"];
	
	let result = colours.find(function (colour) {
	  return colour === "pink";
	});
	
	console.log(result);
	// "pink"

This is the same as the example above, using a for loop:

	let colours = ["red", "pink", "yellow"];
	let result;
	
	for (let i = 0; i < colours.length; i++) {
	  let colour = colours[i];
	  if (colour === "pink") {
	    result = colour;
	    break;
	  }
	}
	
	console.log(result);

Array.filter()

Similar to Array.find(), filter() is used to narrow down a list based on a boolean function. It will always return a new array, even if no items match:

	let colours = ["red", "pink", "yellow"];
	
	let result = colours.filter(function (colour) {
	  return colour !== "pink";
	});
	
	console.log(result);
	// ["red", "yellow"]

This is the same as the example above, using a for loop:

	let colours = ["red", "pink", "yellow"];
	let result = [];
	
	for (let i = 0; i < colours.length; i++) {
	  let colour = colours[i];
	  if (colour !== "pink") {
	    result.push(colour);
	  }
	}
	
	console.log(result);

Array.sort()

This function rearranges the items in an array by providing a sorting function. The default sorting function will attempt to sort the collection by alphabetical order:

	let colours = ["red", "pink", "yellow"];
	
	let result = colours.sort();
	
	console.log(result);
	// ["pink", "red", "yellow"]

When sorting numbers, this will create unexpected results:

	let numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 10];
	
	let result = numbers.sort();
	
	console.log(result);
	// [1, 10, 2, 3, 4]

This is not the correct order, so to sort these values correctly, we must be a bit more specific about the outcome we desire:

	let numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 10];
	
	let result = numbers.sort(function (numberA, numberB) {
	  return numberA < numberB;
	});
	
	console.log(result);
	// [1, 2, 3, 4, 10]

This is the same as the example above, using a for loop:

	let numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 10];
	
	for (let i = 1; i < numbers.length; i++) {
	  for (let j = 0; j < i; j++) {
	    if (numbers[i] < numbers[j]) {
	      let x = numbers[i];
	      numbers[i] = numbers[j];
	      numbers[j] = x;
	    }
	  }
	}
	
	console.log(numbers);
	// [1, 2, 3, 4, 10]

Don’t be surprised if you find the for-loop example above confusing. Sorting an array is a complicated task, which is exactly why we have the prototype method Array.sort() to make this easier to write and understand.

So, what are arrays used for?

Any time a list of information is presented on a website or web application, this content will be stored in an array.

This could include

• Posts on an Instagram page
• Articles on a news site
• A Twitter feed
• A list of Patreon subscribers
• The last week of weather data for your city

Typically data stored in an array will be more complex than in an array of strings or numbers.

In order to build a sophisticated web application, it is necessary to arrange objects into arrays.

In JavaScript, complex data is stored as an object.

Lesson Task

There are practice questions in the master branch of this repo.

There are example answers in the answers branch.

Try the exercises before checking the solutions.